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Drafting Laws on Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls

What Is Trafficking in Women?

How Common Is Trafficking in Women?

Factors that Contribute to Trafficking in Women

Effects And Consequences Of Trafficking In Women

Protection, Support and Assistance of Victims

Prevention of Trafficking in Women

The Evolution of the Definition of Trafficking

Trafficking and Commercial Sex Work

Debt Bondage and Trafficking in Women

Distinguishing Trafficking from Illegal Migration

Trafficking Routes

Who Is Being Trafficked?

Trafficking Violates Women's Human Rights

Economic Factors

Demand for Women's Sexual Services

The Search for a Better Life and Desire to Travel

Domestic Violence

Organized Crime

Conflict Zones and Militarization

Government Policies and Practices

Health Consequences of Trafficking

Legal Consequences of Trafficking

Global Consequences of Trafficking

Trafficking and HIV/AIDS

Return And Reintegration

Common Reactions

Legal Protection

Education and Awareness Raising

Training Programs and Technical Cooperation

Further On-Line Resources

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

The Domestic Legal Framework

List of Law and Policy Documents

UN Human Rights Law

Historical Overview

Trafficking and Women's Human Rights

The Trafficking Protocol and Recent Initiatives

UN Peacekeeping Mission Personnel and Trafficking

UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

Resources on Domestic Legislation

Guidelines on Criminal Law

Guidelines on Victim Protection and Assistance

U.S. State Department Model Law to Combat Trafficking

Defining the Offense

Scope of the Law

Criminalization of Activities Related to Trafficking

Non-Criminalization of Trafficking Victims

Legislation on Prostitution

Victim Protection and Immigration Law

Victim Assistance

Anti-Corruption Legislation

The International Legal Framework / The United Nations

Regional Law and Standards

The Domestic Legal Framework

Training Modules

Training Modules (Russian)

Training Modules (Bulgarian)

Overview

Definitions

Civil Remedies for Trafficking Victims

Immigration Provisions

Administrative and Regulatory Provisions

Tools for Developing Legislation

Bibliography

Core Elements of Legislation on Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls

Sources of International Law

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Criminal Provisions

Victim and Witness Protection and Assistance

Explore the Issue

Research and Reports

Law and Policy

Training Materials

Drafting Laws on Domestic Violence

What is Domestic Violence?

Theories of Violence

Prevalence of Domestic Violence

Effects of Domestic Violence

Coordinated Community Response

Victim Protection, Support and Assistance

Law Enforcement, Prosecutions and the Judiciary

OFPs and Family Law Issues

Batterers' Intervention Programs

Lobbying and Community Education

Forms of Domestic Violence

Women's Use of Violence

Dating Violence

Stalking

Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence

LGBTQ Domestic Violence

Evolution of Theories of Violence

Other Causes and Complicating Factors

Myths About Alcohol

Health Effects

Effects on Children

Community Costs of Domestic Violence

HIV/AIDS and Other STIs

Domestic Violence and Housing

Resources for Domestic Violence and Housing Issues

Benefits of Coordination

Adapting the Duluth Model

Core Principles of Intervention

Goals and Strategies of Intervention

Community Response Participants

Role of Child Protection Services

Role of Health Care Providers

Recent Developments

Confidentiality and Support

Screening and Referral

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Creating a Health Care Response

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Shelters and Safehouses

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Role of Police

Law Enforcement Reform

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Prosecutorial Reform

Forensic Medical Systems

Judiciary

Officer-Involved Domestic Violence

Determining the Predominant Aggressor

Duluth Police Pocket Card

Judicial Responses to Domestic Violence

Specialized Domestic Violence Court Systems

Court Monitoring Programs

Domestic Fatality Review Boards

Orders for Protection

Child Custody Issues

Divorce and Tort Remedies

Mediation

Screening for Domestic Violence

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Power Balancing

Research and Reports on Mediation

Counseling and Treatment

Starting a Batterers' Intervention Program

Influential US Batterers' Intervention Programs

Effectiveness of Batterers' Intervention Programs

History and Theories of Batterers' Intervention Programs in the USA

Batterers' Intervention Programs in CEE/FSU Countries

Best Practices for Batterers' Intervention Programs

United States Standards for Batterers' Intervention Programs

General Resources

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Further On-Line Resources

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

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List of Law and Policy Documents

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Surveys of National Laws

U.S. Law

Sample Orders for Protection

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The International Legal Framework / The United Nations

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List of Modules

General Principles

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Rights of Complainants/Survivors

Coordinated Community Response and Implementation of Laws

Civil Remedies on Domestic Violence

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Criminal Law Provisions

International Law Issues

Tools for Developing Legislation on Domestic Violence

Bibliography

Sources of International Law

Specific Legislation on Domestic Violence

Constructing the Preamble

Scope of Persons Protected by Law

Other Important Legislative Provisions for Assistance to Complainant/Survivors

State Agency to Establish Aid Centers

Confidentiality and Advocates

Implementation of a Coordinated Community Response

Batterers' Intervention Programs

Implementation of Domestic Violence Laws

Time Limit Between Enacting and Enforcing Laws

Order for Protection Remedies

Family Law and Divorce

Emergency or Ex Parte Order for Protection Remedy

Post-Hearing Order for Protection Remedy

Additional Provisions

Custody and Residence of Child

Competing Statutory Provisions

Visitation

Inadmissibility of "Parental Alienation Syndrome"

Confidentiality of Address

Civil Lawsuits for Damages

Duties of Police Officers

Duties of Prosecutors

Duties of Judiciary

Procedure and Evidence

Treatment or Diversion Programs for Perpetrators

Criminal Sanctions and Sentencing Provisions

Lethality or Risk Assessments

Felony Strangulation Provisions

Fatality Reviews

Conditions of Release

Explore the Issue

Research and Reports

Law and Policy

Training Materials

Drafting Laws on Sexual Assault

What is Sexual Assault?

Prevalence of Sexual Assault

Forms of Sexual Assault

Consequences of Sexual Assault

Criminal Law and Procedure

Evidentiary Issues and Forensic Medical Institutes

Law Enforcement and Prosecutions

Civil Remedies

Coordinated Crisis Intervention

Sexual Assault Advocacy Programs

Sexual Assault as a Form of Sexual Violence

Consent, Force and Coercion

Types of Sexual Contact

Theories of Sexual Assault

Sexual Assault and Vulnerable Populations

Sexual Assault and Male Dominance

Sexual Assault and Cultural Norms

Sexual Assault and the Media

Biological Theories of Sexual Assault

Marital and Intimate Partner Sexual Assault

Date and Acquaintance Sexual Assault

Custodial Sexual Assault

Sexual Assault Against Refugees

Sexual Assault During Armed Conflict

Health Consequences of Sexual Assault

Victim Reactions to Sexual Assault

Consequences of Sexual Assault on the Community

Sexual Assault, HIV/AIDS and Other STIs

Defining the Prohibited Contact

Force and Resistance Requirements

Consent and Mens Rea

Procedural Obstacles

Other Law Reform Efforts

Legal Protection and Support for Victims

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners

Sexual Assault Response Teams

Coordinating Councils

Health Care Provider Responses

Role of Religious Leaders

General Resources

By Institution

By Topic

Further On-Line Resources

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

National Sexual Assault Laws

Protocols and Policies

List of Law and Policy Documents

Conventions

DEVAW

UN Conference Documents

Ad Hoc International Tribunals

International Criminal Court

UN Special Rapporteurs

Council of Europe

European Union

Laws in the United States

Laws in the CEE/FSU Region

Other Approaches to Sexual Assault Law

Police Protocols

Prosecutor Protocols

Higher Education

International Legal Framework

Regional Laws and Standards

Training Modules

Training Modules (Russian)

Criminal Law on Sexual Assault

Rights of Survivors

Survivor Services

Other Legal Issues

Tools

Bibliography

Aggravating Circumstances

Sexual Assault within a Martial Relationship

Consent

Evidence

Roles and Responsibilities

Explore the Issue

Research and Reports

Law and Policy

Training Material

Drafting Laws on Sexual Harassment

What is Sexual Harassment in the Workplace?

Theories of Sexual Harassment

Prevalence of Sexual Harassment

Effects of Sexual Harassment

Prevention of Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment Occurs at the Work Site or in a Work Related Environment

Sexual Harassment is Conduct Based on Sex or of a Sexual Nature

Sexual Harassment is Conduct that is Unwelcome or Unwanted

Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment that Creates a Hostile Work Environment

Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment Must Be Severe and/or Frequent and Pervasive

Sexual Harassment and the Subordination of Women

Sexual Harassment is an Affront to Dignity

Violence and Power

Perpetuation of Gender Stereotypes

Economic Power Over Women

General Resources

By Institution

By Topic

Further On-Line Resources on Sexual Harassment

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

Domestic Legal Framework

Prevention Mechanisms, Policies and Strategies

List of Law and Policy Documents

UN Conventions

UN Conference Documents

DEVAW

Special Rapporteur

International Labor Organization

Council of Europe

European Union

European Union Treaty Charter Obligations

1976 Equal Treatment Directive and 2002 Sexual Harassment Amendment

Directive on Reversal of the Burden of Proof in Sex Discrimination Cases

EU Council and Parliamentary Resolutions

EU Commission Code of Practice on Measures to Combat Sexual Harassment

Defining Sexual Harassment

Approaches to and Remedies under Sexual Harassment Law

Employer Liability Standards

Barriers to Effective Enforcement of Sexual Harassment Law

Guidelines for Drafting Sexual Harassment Laws

Civil Law

Criminal Law

Monitoring Workplace Practices and Enforcing Sexual Harassment Law

Employer Responsibilities: Sexual Harassment Policies, Trainings and Complaint Procedures

Suggestions for Employee Action

The Role of Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining

Media and Communication Strategies for Ending Sexual Harassment

Approaches to Gender Equality/ Equal Opportunity Institutions

Allowing NGOs to Bring Litigation on Behalf of Victims

A Statement of Policy

Definition of Harassment and Establishment of a Non-Retaliation Policy

Prevention Procedures/ Training

Designated Complaints Committee or Officer

Informal Complaint or Advice Mechanisms

Complaint Procedures

Investigation Procedures

Disciplinary Procedures

Measures to Correct the Effects of Sexual Harassment

Advocacy Tools for Trade Unions in Combating Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

The Importance of Trade Unions in Combating Sexual Harassment and the Importance of Women in Trade Unions

Role of Trade Unions in Effecting Sexual Harassment Legislation and Regulation Through Political Action and Advocacy

Role of Trade Unions in Effecting Anti-sexual Harassment Policies and Collective Bargaining Agreements in the Workplace

Role of Trade Unions in Educating Workers and Other Community Members on Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault Issues

Role of Trade Unions in Representing Victims of Sexual Harassment and Penalties for Abusers

The European Union Directive as a Framework for Trade Unions’ Involvement with Sexual Harassment Law and Policy

Opportunities for Collaboration with Other NGOs and Governmental Agencies

Resources on the Issue of Sexual Harassment and Trade Unions

Using the Trade Union

Suggestions for the Trade Union

Resistance from the Trade Union

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

Domestic Legal Framework Around the World

Training Modules

Training Modules (Russian)

Anti-Discrimination & Equal Opportunity Laws

Criminal Law

General Principles

Harassment in Education

Harassment in Employment

Harassment in Housing

Harassment in Provision of Goods, Benefits, and Services

Harassment in Sport

Tools for Drafting

References

Sexual Harassment as Discrimination

Enforcement and Oversight

Workplace Sexual Harassment as a Crime

Public Sexual Harassment

Sample Laws

Definitions and Statement of Purpose

Awareness and Monitoring

Burden of Proof

Retaliation and Remedies

Duties of Educational Institutions

Teachers/Staff as Harassers

Definitions

Theories of Workplace Sexual Harassment

Employer Obligations Under Law

Employer Liability Under Law

Prevention

Remedies

Defining Goods and Services

Humanitarian Relief and Peacekeeping Operations

Femicide

Forced and Child Marriage

Crimes Committed in the Name of "Honor"

Indigenous Women

Women with Disabilities

Gender-Based Asylum

Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS

Female Environmental Refugees

Female Genital Mutilation

Violence against the Girl Child

Dowry-Related Violence

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Femicide in the CEE/FSU Region

Government Response

NGO Response

Obstetric Fistula

Drafting Legislation on Forced and Child Marriage

Overview

Definitions

Civil Laws

Criminal Laws

Victims' Rights and Responding to Victims' Needs

Child Protection Provisions

Roles and Responsibilities

References

Sources of International Law

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Defining and Establishing Consent

Establishing a Minimum Age for Consent

Developing a National Action Plan on Forced Marriages

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Human Trafficking

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: International Marriage Brokering

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Slavery, Sexual Slavery, Forced Labour and Debt Bondage

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Wife Inheritance, Levirate and Sororate Marriages

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Bride Kidnapping

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Bounty Hunting

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Forced and Child Marriage as Settlement

Polygamous Marriages

Addressing Customary Laws and Practices That Conflict with Formal Laws

Long-term Support for Victims

Addressing Forced Marriages Involving Immigrant Women and Girls

Addressing Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

Addressing Forced Marriages Involving Victims Outside Their Country-of-Residence

Annulment of a Forced Marriage and Divorce

Core Elements in Child Protection Laws and Systems to Protect against Forced and Child Marriage

Orders for Protection

Parental Intervention and Travel Restrictions

Duties of Police

Duties of Prosecutors

Prevention of Forced and Child Marriages

Public Awareness

Statistics Gathering

Trainings

Prevalence

Consequences

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Governmental and Non-Governmental Response

Drafting Laws on Crimes Committed in the Name of "Honor"

General Principles

Legal Reform

Roles and Responsibilities

Victim Protection

Child Protection

References

Defining "Honor" Crimes

National Plan of Action

Addressing Customary Law

Criminalization

Forced Suicides and Decriminalization of Adultery

Defenses

Sentencing Provisions

Private Settlements, Accompanying Domestic Violence Legislation and Immigration Laws

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

NGO and Government Response

Research and Reports

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences

Law and Policy

Prevention

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

NGO Response

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences

Law and Policy

NGO and Governmental Response

Research and Reports

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences

Law and Policy

Research and Reports

Governmental and Non-Governmental Response

Prevalence

Consequences

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Governmental and Non-governmental Response

Drafting Laws on Female Genital Mutilation

General Principles

Clear and Precise Definition of FGM

Criminalization

Child Protection Provisions

Victims' Rights and Responding to Needs

State Roles and Responsibilities

Broader Coordinated Policies

Tools for Drafting Laws on Female Genital Mutilation

Bibliography

National Plan and Strategy

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Translation, Statistics, and Funding

Time Frame for Enforcement and Amendments

Removal of Conflicting Provisions

Clear Definition of Crime and Liability

Sentencing Provisions

Enhanced Penalties

Prohibition of Medicalization

Criminalization of Aiding and Abetting

Applying for an Order for Protection

Copy of Order to Law Enforcement

Procedure

Restitution and Compensation for Survivors

Civil Lawsuits

Immigration and Asylum

Prosecutor Protocol

Regulations and Administrative Provisions

Coordinated Community Response

Public Education

Training of Professionals

Regional, National, and International Cooperation Protocols

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Government and NGO Responses

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

United Nations Systems

European System

United Nations Documents That Protect Women's Rights

Enforcement Mechanisms In The United Nations

United Nations Entities

Women's Convention

General Recommendation 19

DEVAW

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action

Basic Human Rights Documents

Thematic Human Rights Documents

Conference Documents

CEDAW Decisions

Complaint Mechanisms

Reporting and Monitoring Mechanisms

Major United Nations Enforcement Bodies

Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies

Guidelines for Submitting Complaints to the UN

Human Rights Council

UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

UN Commission on the Status of Women

UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

UN Human Rights Committee

UN Commission on Human Rights and the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

UN Committee on the Rights of the Child

UN Committee Against Torture

Research and Training Institutes

Departments and Offices

Other Entities

European Documents That Protect Women's Rights

Institutions and Structure of the European Human Rights System

Enforcement Mechanisms in the European System

Enlargement of the European Union

Council of Europe

European Union

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Council of Europe

European Union

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Stability Pact For Southeastern Europe

Council of Europe

European Union

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

European Court of Human Rights

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

European Committee of Social Rights

Court of Justice

Commission

Parliament

EU Accession Process and Women's Rights

NGO Strategies to Impact the EU Accession Process

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Afghanistan

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Women's Organizations

What's New

What's New

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Research and Reports

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Women's NGOs

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Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations

List of Law and Policy Documents

Domestic Violence

Trafficking in Women and Girls

Sexual Assault

Gender Equality

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List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

Women's NGOs

Monitoring VAW

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List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

Women's Organizations

Monitoring VAW

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Research and Reports

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List of Law and Policy Documents

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List of Law and Policy Documents

Women's NGOs

Monitoring VAW

Romania

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List of Law and Policy Documents

Training Modules (Russian)

Women's Organizations and Institutions

Monitoring VAW

Statement of Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women

List of Law and Policy Documents

List of Law and Policy Documents

Training Modules (Ukrainian)

Women's HR Training

Human Rights Reporting

Advocating for New Laws on Violence Against Women and Girls

Guidelines for Developing a Training Program

Tips For Facilitators

Model Training Sessions

Conducting the Guidelines Exercise

Tips on Debriefing

Brainstorming Rules

Tips on Guided Discussion

Tips on Role Playing

Tips on Evaluation

Model Sessions

Why Undertake Human Rights Documentation?

Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research on Violence Against Women

The Process of Investigation and Evidence-Gathering

A Note About Shadow Reports

Summary of Resources

The Process of Analysis and Report-Writing

Using Human Rights Reports

Sample Methodologies and Guidelines

What is Advocacy and Why is it Important?

The Advocacy Process

Identifying the Problem: Investigating and Gathering Evidence

Understanding Government Structure, Legal Obligations, and Legislative Process

Taking Action

After the Campaign: Now What?

Tools for Advocating

Bibliography

How is Advocacy Defined?

Types of Advocacy

Women's Human Rights Advocacy

Legislative Advocacy

Advocacy for Legal System Reform

International Human Rights Advocacy

Litigation Related to Advocacy

Defining Your Advocacy Goals: What is Success?

Factors that Contribute to Success

Developing an Advocacy Strategy

Leadership and Organization

Communication and Organization

Mobilization and Action

Engage in Self-Assessment and Adaptation of Advocacy Strategy

Measure Progress toward Goal and Achievement of Objectives

Research the Nature and Extent of the Problem

Key Steps in Investigating and Documenting Violations of Women’s and Girl’s Human Rights

Research Best Practices Addressing the Problem

Gather Testimonials by Those Whose Human Rights are Affected

Review Research and Determine What Change is Needed

Compliance with National, Regional and International Laws

Understanding the Legislative Process

How a Bill Becomes a Law

Understanding the Role of NGOs in the Legislative Process

Drafting the Bill

Policy and Systems Change

Coalition Building

Mobilize the Constituency

Use the Media

Influencing Legislators or Other Policy Matters

What Is an NGO?

NGOs and Human Rights

NGOs in CEE/FSU

Establishing an NGO

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Human Resources

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Mission, Vision and Value Statements

Board of Directors

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Conflicts of Interest

Financial Management

Development and Sustainability Benchmarks

Strategic Planning

Program Planning and Evaluation

Coalition Building

Stage 1— To Plan or Not To Plan, and If So, How?

Stage 2—Mission, Vision and Value Statements

Stage 3—SWOT Analysis

Stage 4—Action Planning

Stage 5—Implementation and Evaluation

Roma Resources

General Partnership Resources

Intermediary Organizations

Recruiting Volunteers

Managing Volunteers

CEE/FSU Perspectives on Volunteering

Job Descriptions and Goals

Employee Policies and Manuals

Diversification Strategies

Grantwriting Preparation

Grant Applications

Grantseeking Follow-Up

Individual Grantseekers

Letters of Inquiry

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Cost Sharing and Membership Dues

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Individual Donors

Sample Letter of Inquiry #1

Sample Letter of Inquiry #2

CEE/FSU Resources

Searchable Databases

Lists of Donors

Newly Announced Grants

Subscription Databases

Individual Grantseekers

2009 16 Days of Activism against Gender Violence

2007 16 Days of Activism against Gender Violence

2005 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence

2005 Reports to UN Division for Advancement of Women

Commentary on Domestic Violence Laws

Violence against Women: Do the Governments Care? NGO Fact Sheets on the State Response

Violence against Women: Do the Governments Care? NGO Reports on the State Response

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