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Domestic Violence

Trafficking in Women

Sexual Harassment

Sexual Assault

Gender Violence Worldwide

General Information

Training and Victim Advocacy

Law and Policy

Ongoing Developments

What is Domestic Violence?

Theories of Violence

Prevalence of Domestic Violence

Effects of Domestic Violence

Forms of Domestic Violence

Women's Use of Violence

Dating Violence

Stalking

Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence

LGBTQ Domestic Violence

Technology-Aided Stalking

Juvenile Stalking

Anti-Stalking Legislation

Evolution of Theories of Violence

Other Causes and Complicating Factors

Myths About Alcohol

Health Effects

Effects on Children

Community Costs of Domestic Violence

HIV/AIDS and Other STIs

Domestic Violence and Housing

Resources for Domestic Violence and Housing Issues

Coordinated Community Response

Victim Protection, Support and Assistance

Law Enforcement, Prosecutions and the Judiciary

Orders for Protection

Child Custody and Family Law Issues

Batterers' Intervention Programs

Lobbying and Community Education

Guidelines for Developing a Training Program

Conference and Workshop Information

Benefits of Coordination

Adapting the Duluth Model

Goals and Strategies of Intervention

Community Response Participants

Advocacy Guidelines

Advocacy Approaches

Lethal and Extremely Dangerous Behavior

Lethality Assessments

Safety Planning

Shelters and Safehouses

Crisis Centers and Hotlines

Mediation

Role of Health Care Providers

Screening for Domestic Violence

Shuttle or Separate Mediation

Power Balancing

Research and Reports on Mediation

Confidentiality and Support

Screening and Referral

Documentation and Reporting

Creating a Health Care Response

Role of Police

Law Enforcement Reform

Role of Prosecutors

Prosecutorial Reform

Forensic Medical Systems

Judiciary

Officer-Involved Domestic Violence

Determining the Predominant Aggressor

Duluth Police Pocket Card

Judicial Responses to Domestic Violence

Specialized Domestic Violence Court Systems

Court Monitoring Programs

Domestic Fatality Review Boards

Child Custody Issues

Divorce

Role of Child Protection Services

Protective Orders and Child Custody

Divorce and Child Custody

Parenting Time and Domestic Violence

Child Protective Services and Domestic Violence

The Hague Convention and Domestic Violence

Resources

Counseling and Treatment

Starting a Batterers' Intervention Program

Influential US Batterers' Intervention Programs

Effectiveness of Batterers' Intervention Programs

History and Theories of Batterers' Intervention Programs in the USA

Batterers' Intervention Programs in CEE/FSU Countries

Best Practices for Batterers' Intervention Programs

United States Standards for Batterers' Intervention Programs

Regional Conference on Domestic Violence Legal Reform - Sofia, Bulgaria - 2008

Workshop on Monitoring Strategies for Domestic Violence Laws - Sofia, Bulgaria - 2010

Workshop for Monitoring Strategies for Domestic Violence Laws - Istanbul, Turkey - 2011

International Domestic Violence Law

Regional Law and Standards

Model Legislation

Sample National Domestic Violence Laws

Protocols and Policies

List of Law and Policy Documents

Legal Reform

Methodology for Monitoring the Implementation of Domestic Violence Laws

Regional Conference on Domestic Violence Legal Reform

Assistance with Legal Reform

Drafting Laws on Domestic Violence

UN Treaties on Domestic Violence

UN Resolutions on Domestic Violence

UN Conference Documents on Domestic Violence

Domestic Violence: Special Rapporteur

State Responsibility for Domestic Violence

International Domestic Violence Resources

European Union

Council of Europe - Istanbul Convention

Council of Europe - European Convention on Human Rights

Council of Europe - Resolutions

Organization of American States

Additional Resources

The U.S. Model State Code

Surveys of National Laws

U.S. Law

Sample Orders for Protection

Community Policies

Police Protocols

Prosecution Protocols

Health Care Protocols

Batterers' Intervention Programs

Protocols for Victim Support and Assistance

The International Legal Framework / The United Nations

Regional Law and Standards

General Principles

Objectives, Definitions, and Scope of Legislation

Rights of Complainants/Survivors

Coordinated Community Response and Implementation of Laws

Civil Remedies on Domestic Violence

Criminal Justice System Response to Domestic Violence

Criminal Law Provisions

International Law Issues

Tools for Developing Legislation on Domestic Violence

Bibliography

Sources of International Law

Specific Legislation on Domestic Violence

Constructing the Preamble

Scope of Persons Protected by Law

Other Important Legislative Provisions for Assistance to Complainant/Survivors

State Agency to Establish Aid Centers

Confidentiality and Advocates

Implementation of a Coordinated Community Response

Batterers' Intervention Programs

Implementation of Domestic Violence Laws

Time Limit Between Enacting and Enforcing Laws

Family Law and Divorce

Custody and Residence of Child

Competing Statutory Provisions

Visitation

Inadmissibility of "Parental Alienation Syndrome"

Confidentiality of Address

Civil Lawsuits for Damages

Duties of Prosecutors

Duties of Judiciary

Treatment or Diversion Programs for Perpetrators

Criminal Sanctions and Sentencing Provisions

Lethality or Risk Assessments

Felony Strangulation Provisions

Fatality Reviews

Conditions of Release

General Information

Training and Advocacy

Law and Policy

Ongoing Developments

Sex Trafficking and Safe Harbor Resource Pack

What Is Trafficking in Women?

Prevalence of Trafficking in Women

Causes and Contributing Factors

Effects and Consequences

Trafficking Routes

Who Is Being Trafficked?

Trafficking Violates Women's Human Rights

The Evolution of the Definition of Trafficking

Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Debt Bondage and Trafficking in Women

Distinguishing Trafficking from Illegal Migration

Other Forms of Trafficking

Economic Factors

Demand for Women's Sexual Services

The Search for a Better Life and Desire to Travel

Domestic Violence as a Cause of Trafficking in Women

Organized Crime

Conflict Zones and Militarization

Government Policies and Practices

Health Consequences of Trafficking

Legal Consequences of Trafficking

Global Consequences of Trafficking

Trafficking and HIV/AIDS

Protection, Support and Assistance of Victims

Prevention of Trafficking in Women

Return and Reintegration

Common Reactions

Legal Protection

Education and Awareness Raising

Training Programs and Technical Cooperation

Lobbying

International Trafficking Law

Regional Law and Standards

Domestic and National Law

Drafting Laws on Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls

UN Human Trafficking Law

Historical Overview

Trafficking and Women's Human Rights

The Trafficking Protocol and Recent Initiatives

UN Peacekeeping Missions and Trafficking

UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery

Guidelines on Criminal Law

Guidelines on Victim Protection and Assistance

Defining the Offense

Scope of the Law

Criminalization of Activities Related to Trafficking

Non-Criminalization of Trafficking Victims

Legislation on Prostitution

Anti-Corruption Legislation

Victim Protection and Immigration Law

Victim Assistance

Overview

Definitions

Civil Remedies for Trafficking Victims

Immigration Provisions

Administrative and Regulatory Provisions

Resources for Developing Legislation

Bibliography

Core Elements of Legislation on Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls

Sources of International Law

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Criminal Provisions

Victim and Witness Protection and Assistance

General Information

Training and Advocacy

Law and Policy

Ongoing Developments

What is Sexual Harassment in the Workplace?

Theories of Sexual Harassment

Prevalence of Sexual Harassment

Effects of Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment Occurs at the Work Site or in a Work Related Environment

Sexual Harassment is Conduct Based on Sex or of a Sexual Nature

Sexual Harassment is Conduct that is Unwelcome or Unwanted

Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment that Creates a Hostile Work Environment

Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment Must Be Severe and/or Frequent and Pervasive

Sexual Harassment and the Subordination of Women

Sexual Harassment is an Affront to Dignity

Violence and Power

Perpetuation of Gender Stereotypes

Economic Power Over Women

Prevention Mechanisms, Policies and Strategies

Prevention of Sexual Harassment

Guidelines for Developing a Training Program

Monitoring Workplace Practices and Enforcing Sexual Harassment Law

Employer Responsibilities: Sexual Harassment Policies, Trainings and Complaint Procedures

Suggestions for Employee Action

The Role of Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining

Media and Communication Strategies for Ending Sexual Harassment

Approaches to Gender Equality/ Equal Opportunity Institutions

Allowing NGOs to Bring Litigation on Behalf of Victims

A Statement of Policy

Definition of Harassment and Establishment of a Non-Retaliation Policy

Prevention Procedures/ Training

Designated Complaints Committee or Officer

Informal Complaint or Advice Mechanisms

Complaint Procedures

Investigation Procedures

Disciplinary Procedures

Measures to Correct the Effects of Sexual Harassment

Advocacy Tools for Trade Unions in Combating Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

The Importance of Trade Unions in Combating Sexual Harassment and the Importance of Women in Trade Unions

Role of Trade Unions in Effecting Sexual Harassment Legislation and Regulation Through Political Action and Advocacy

Role of Trade Unions in Effecting Anti-sexual Harassment Policies and Collective Bargaining Agreements in the Workplace

Role of Trade Unions in Educating Workers and Other Community Members on Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault Issues

Role of Trade Unions in Representing Victims of Sexual Harassment and Penalties for Abusers

The European Union Directive as a Framework for Trade Unions’ Involvement with Sexual Harassment Law and Policy

Opportunities for Collaboration with Other NGOs and Governmental Agencies

Resources on the Issue of Sexual Harassment and Trade Unions

Using the Trade Union

Suggestions for the Trade Union

Resistance from the Trade Union

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

Domestic Legal Framework

List of Law and Policy Documents

Drafting Laws on Sexual Harassment

UN Conventions

UN Conference Documents

DEVAW

Special Rapporteur

International Labor Organization

Council of Europe

European Union

European Union Treaty Charter Obligations

1976 Equal Treatment Directive and 2002 Sexual Harassment Amendment

Directive on Reversal of the Burden of Proof in Sex Discrimination Cases

EU Council and Parliamentary Resolutions

EU Commission Code of Practice on Measures to Combat Sexual Harassment

Defining Sexual Harassment

Approaches to and Remedies under Sexual Harassment Law

Employer Liability Standards

Barriers to Effective Enforcement of Sexual Harassment Law

Guidelines for Drafting Sexual Harassment Laws

Civil Law

Criminal Law

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

Domestic Legal Framework Around the World

Anti-Discrimination & Equal Opportunity Laws

Criminal Law

General Principles

Harassment in Education

Harassment in Employment

Harassment in Housing

Harassment in Provision of Goods, Benefits, and Services

Harassment in Sport

Tools for Drafting

References

Sexual Harassment as Discrimination

Enforcement and Oversight

Workplace Sexual Harassment as a Crime

Public Sexual Harassment

Sample Laws

Definitions and Statement of Purpose

Awareness and Monitoring

Burden of Proof

Retaliation and Remedies

Duties of Educational Institutions

Teachers/Staff as Harassers

Definitions

Theories of Workplace Sexual Harassment

Employer Obligations Under Law

Employer Liability Under Law

Prevention

Remedies

Defining Goods and Services

Humanitarian Relief and Peacekeeping Operations

General Information

Advocacy and Training

Law and Policy

Ongoing Developments

What is Sexual Assault?

Prevalence of Sexual Assault

Forms of Sexual Assault

Consequences of Sexual Assault

Sexual Assault as a Form of Sexual Violence

Consent, Force and Coercion

Types of Sexual Contact

Theories of Sexual Assault

Sexual Assault and Vulnerable Populations

Sexual Assault and Male Dominance

Sexual Assault and Cultural Norms

Sexual Assault and the Media

Biological Theories of Sexual Assault

Marital and Intimate Partner Sexual Assault

Custodial Sexual Assault

Sexual Assault Against Refugees

Sexual Assault During Armed Conflict

Date and Acquaintance Sexual Assault

Street Harassment

Sexual Assault in the Military

Prevalence of Street Harassment and its Consequences

Law and Policy on Street Harassment

Research and Reports

International Prevalence of Sexual Assault in the Military

Sexual Assault Within the United States Military

Secondary Victimization

The Military Justice System Response to Sexual Assault

Resources

Health Consequences of Sexual Assault

Victim Reactions to Sexual Assault

Consequences of Sexual Assault on the Community

Sexual Assault, HIV/AIDS and Other STIs

Coordinated Crisis Intervention

Sexual Assault Advocacy Programs

Guidelines for Developing a Training Program

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners

Sexual Assault Response Teams

Coordinating Councils

Health Care Provider Responses

Role of Religious Leaders

International Legal Framework

Regional Law and Standards

National Sexual Assault Laws

Drafting Laws on Sexual Assault

Protocols and Policies

List of Law and Policy Documents

Criminal Law and Procedure

Evidentiary Issues and Forensic Medical Institutes

Law Enforcement and Prosecutions

Civil Remedies

Conventions

DEVAW

UN Conference Documents

Ad Hoc International Tribunals

International Criminal Court

UN Special Rapporteurs

Council of Europe

European Union

Laws in the United States

Laws in the CEE/FSU Region

Other Approaches to Sexual Assault Law

Criminal Law on Sexual Assault

Rights of Survivors

Survivor Services

Other Legal Issues

Tools

Bibliography

Aggravating Circumstances

Sexual Assault within a Martial Relationship

Consent

Evidence

Roles and Responsibilities

Police Protocols

Prosecutor Protocols

Sexual Assault in Higher Education – Laws and Protocols

International Legal Framework

Regional Laws and Standards

Defining the Prohibited Contact

Force and Resistance Requirements

Consent and Mens Rea

Procedural Obstacles

Other Law Reform Efforts

Legal Protection and Support for Victims

Femicide

Forced and Child Marriage

Crimes Committed in the Name of "Honor"

Indigenous Women

Women and Armed Conflict

Women with Disabilities

Gender-Based Asylum

Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS

Female Environmental Refugees

Female Genital Mutilation

Violence Against the Girl Child

Dowry-Related Violence

Maltreatment of Widows

Violence Against LGBT Women

Forced/Coerced Sterilization

Harmful Traditional Practices

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Femicide in the CEE/FSU Region

Government Response

NGO Response

Ongoing Developments

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences and Effects

Obstetric Fistula

International and Domestic Law and Policy

Drafting Legislation on Forced and Child Marriage

Forced and Child Marriage Prevention

Ongoing Developments

Overview

Definitions

Civil Laws

Criminal Laws

Victims' Rights and Responding to Victims' Needs

Child Protection Provisions

Roles and Responsibilities

Resources

Sources of International Law

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Defining and Establishing Consent

Establishing a Minimum Age for Consent

Developing a National Action Plan on Forced Marriages

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Human Trafficking

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: International Marriage Brokering

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Slavery, Sexual Slavery, Forced Labour and Debt Bondage

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Wife Inheritance, Levirate and Sororate Marriages

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Bride Kidnapping

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Bounty Hunting

Defining Other Forms of Forced Marriage: Forced and Child Marriage as Settlement

Polygamous Marriages

Addressing Customary Laws and Practices That Conflict with Formal Laws

Long-term Support for Victims

Addressing Forced Marriages Involving Immigrant Women and Girls

Addressing Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

Addressing Forced Marriages Involving Victims Outside Their Country-of-Residence

Annulment of a Forced Marriage and Divorce

Core Elements in Child Protection Laws and Systems to Protect against Forced and Child Marriage

Orders for Protection

Parental Intervention and Travel Restrictions

Duties of Police

Duties of Prosecutors

Role of other Helping Professions and Stakeholders

Prevention of Forced and Child Marriages

Public Awareness

Statistics Gathering

Trainings

Prevalence

Consequences

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Governmental and Non-Governmental Response

Drafting Laws on Crimes Committed in the Name of "Honor"

Ongoing Developments

General Principles

Legal Reform

Roles and Responsibilities

Victim Protection

Child Protection

References

Defining "Honor" Crimes

National Plan of Action

Addressing Customary Law

Criminalization

Forced Suicides and Decriminalization of Adultery

Defenses

Sentencing Provisions

Private Settlements, Accompanying Domestic Violence Legislation and Immigration Laws

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Government and NGO Response

Research and Reports

Ongoing Developments

Prevalence

Consequences and Effects on Women

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Government and NGO Response

Ongoing Developments

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

NGO Response

Ongoing Developments

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences

Law and Policy

NGO and Governmental Response

Research and Reports

Ongoing Developments

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences

Law and Policy

Research and Reports

Governmental and Non-Governmental Response

Ongoing Developments

Prevalence

Consequences

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Governmental and Non-governmental Response

Drafting Laws on Female Genital Mutilation

Ongoing Developments

General Principles

Clear and Precise Definition of FGM

Criminalization

Child Protection Provisions

Victims' Rights and Responding to Needs

State Roles and Responsibilities

Broader Coordinated Policies

Tools for Drafting Laws on Female Genital Mutilation

Bibliography

National Plan and Strategy

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Translation, Statistics, and Funding

Time Frame for Enforcement and Amendments

Removal of Conflicting Provisions

Clear Definition of Crime and Liability

Sentencing Provisions

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Prohibition of Medicalization

Criminalization of Aiding and Abetting

Applying for an Order for Protection

Copy of Order to Law Enforcement

Procedure

Other Provisions

Restitution and Compensation for Survivors

Civil Lawsuits

Immigration and Asylum

Prosecutor Protocol

Regulations and Administrative Provisions

Coordinated Community Response

Public Education

Training of Professionals

Regional, National, and International Cooperation Protocols

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Law and Policy

Government and NGO Responses

Ongoing Developments

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Governmental and Nongovernmental Response

Drafting Laws on Dowry-Related Violence

Ongoing Developments

General Principles

The Rights of the Complainants/Survivors

Coordinated Community Response and Implementation

Criminal Justice System Response

Criminal Laws

Treatment or Diversion Programs for Perpetrators

Civil Remedies on Dowry-Related Violence

Other Provisions Related to Dowry-Related and Domestic Violence Laws

References

Sources of International Law and Regional Treaties

Drafting the Preamble

Scope of Persons Protected by Law and Culpable Persons

Other Important Legislative Provisions for Assistance to Complainants/Survivors

State Agencies Establishing Aid Centers

Confidentiality and Advocates

Implementation of Domestic Violence and Dowry-Related Violence Laws

Batterers' Intervention Programs

Duties of Prosecutors

Duties of Judiciary

Fatality Reviews

Conditions of Release

Lethality or Risk Assessments

Dowry Deaths, Aiding and Abetting Suicide

Criminal Sanctions and Sentencing Provisions

Addressing Dowry-Related Violence through Criminalization of Dowry Demands

Prompt Complaint and Evidence

Statute of Limitations on Dowry-Related Violence and Deaths

Obstruction of Justice

Felony Strangulation and Other Provisions

More Information on Orders for Protection

Family Law and Divorce

Civil Lawsuits for Damages and Compensation

Ensure Women's Property and Inheritance Rights

Post-Hearing Orders for Protection

Warning Provisions and Time Limits for Orders of Protection

Other Key Provisions on Post-Hearing Orders for Protection

Custody, Visitation and Residence of Child

Competing Statutory Provisions

Parental Alienation Syndrome and Confidentiality of Address

Prevalence

Causes and Risk Factors

Consequences

Governmental and NGO Response

Law and Policy

Drafting Laws on Maltreatment of Widows

Ongoing Developments

Overview

Definitions and Forms of Maltreatment of Widows

Civil Laws

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Victims' Rights and Responding to Victims' Needs

Roles and Responsibilities

Other Provisions Related to Maltreatment of Widows

Tools

References

Sources of International Law

Drafting the Legislative Preamble

Constitutional Guarantees

Addressing Customary Laws and Practices That Conflict with Formal Laws

National Plan of Action to Combat Maltreatment of Widows

Defining Discrimination against Women

Definition of Criminal Sexual Assault

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Definition of Property Grabbing and Adverse Possession

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Equal Rights and Responsibilities in Marriage

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Domestic Violence Civil Remedies

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Child Abduction and Kidnappings

Femicides and "Honour" Killings

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International Legal Framework

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